home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
-
- The Differences In The Social Classes Of Mid-Victorian England
-
- I. Introduction
- In the Mid-Victorian period in English history there were distinct class
- differences in its society. There were three classes in England.
- These were the Aristocracy, the Middle-Class (or Factory owners) and
- the working class. Each class had specific characteristics that defined
- its behavior. These characteristics were best seen in four areas of
- British society.
-
- During the time-period known by most historians as the
- Industrial Revolution, a great change overtook British culture. Aside
- from the political and economic change which occurred, a profound social
- alteration transpired. The populace seeking to better their lives,
- sought employment in newly-formed industries. Many of the workers which
- included women and children, labored through 12 hour work shifts, with
- poor nutrition, poor living conditions and completing tedious tasks1.
- These factors, accompanied by various ideological precepts by Britain's
- intellectual community, and those concepts imported from France, provoke
- a crucial social evolution. Though no government was overthrown, a
- distinct transformation took place causing rebellious behavior to erupt
- among the working class. This essay will address the questions of how
- and why this behavior was expressed by the lower order of British
- society. It will also discuss methods the ruling class used in
- suppressing and controlling the rebellious behavior exhibited by the
- working class.
- The middle class held to two basic ideologies that served in
- the exploitation of the lower order of the British society. Richard
- Atlick identified them as Utilitarianism (or Benthamism) and
- Evangelicalism. Both served the self-interested inclinations of the
- middle class. Utilitarianism created the need to fulfill a principle of
- pleasure while minimalization pain. In the context of the "industrial
- revolution" this meant that the pleasure extracted from life would be at
- the working classes' expense. This provided a perfect justification for
- the middle class to capitalize on. The working class of Britain,
- throughout the industrial revolution and through the Victorian age,
- acted in a defiant manner toward both the aristocracy and middle class.
- This behavior extended from the everyday activities of the workers to
- radical anarchist movements that categorized the underground.
- The middle class seemed to be just as familiar with the inverse
- of Benthamism as they were with its normal application. The pleasure
- principle was measured in terms of minimalization of pain. If the sum
- of pain, in a given situation, is less than the sum of pleasure, than it
- should be deemed pleasurable. The inverse principle applied to the
- working class was how pain (work) can be inflicted, with the absolute
- minimum distribution of pleasure (wages), without creating an uprising.
- This was seen in Andrew Ure's article. He eloquently defended
- the industrial system and dismissed the infractions as conjecture.
- However, the argument made by Ure clearly pointed to the existence of
- disciplinary actions being performed by the industrialist and how these
- were allowed by the government. His argument stated that no employer
- wished to beat their young employees and, if it occurred, then it was
- on a small level. The argument did not condemn the use of physical
- discipline. It did not directly acknowledge its occurrence, but neatly
- circumvented the issue by saying it was not the "wishes" of the
- employer. This was an example of the beliefs of the middle class to
- take disciplinary and suppressive actions taken against the working
- class.
- The second, Evangelicalism, was considered to be selfish because
- of its inflexibility toward actions outside of its moral realm. The
- Church at that time would help the poor only to pacify its conscience.
- Andrew Mearns, in his article " The Bitter Cry of Outcast London",
- investigated the misery of the working class and exhorted the church for
- inactivity on the working classes behalf. He stated that "whilst we
- have been building our churches and solacing ourselves with our religion
- . . . the poor have been growing poorer, the wretched more miserable,
- and the immoral more corrupt." He continued, listing detailed accounts
- of how the lower class survived and suffered. It was written to evoke a
- reaction from the church attending middle class.
- Isolated by these ideologies and rigid social class
- distinctions, the lower class began to resent the industrialists that
- employed them. There were basically two types of radicals that followed
- a more active part in expressing their disdain for the system that
- imprisoned them; as discussed in the book Radical Underworld. The first
- group of radicals engaged in carousing, pamphleteering and the
- proliferation of pornography. This printing and distribution of
- resistant and even seditious material toward the system was frowned upon
- by the government. The carousing and debauched behavior was a
- rebellious social statement emphasizing the lower classes' rejection of
- the hypocritical social restraint the middle class attained to. A
- second group of radicals pursued their anarchist agendas to the point of
- destroying machinery in an unbeseeming manner. These extremists
- performed any act that would disrupt the system and discredit the
- government by making it appear inept at stopping the social unrest.
- This was a direct reaction to the isolation caused by the difference in
- social class.
- The behavior of the working class was termed rebellious by the
- middle class and aristocracy of British society. The expression
- "rebellious" characterized their deviation from the conservative norms
- established by the middle-class. James Phillips Kay argued that the
- environment industrialization created in Britain was responsible for the
- cultivation of this immoral behavior. He continued by pointing out the
- "ceaseless drudgery" of the work that the person must perform; "in
- squalid wretchedness, on meagre food and expends his superfluous gains
- on debauchery." This allowed the working class to justify their
- departure from the illusionary "traditional" values the middle class
- promoted and their adoption of a system fitting to their social
- environment.
- Adam Smith justified the oppressive environment that the working
- class was subjected to was in his work "Wealth of Nations". He
- introduced the concept of "Laisser - faire" to government and its role
- in the economy. By adopting the "hands off " policy, the British
- government created an environment which was conducive to a pure state of
- capitalism. In this mode, the industries were given a blank check for
- the exploitation of the working class. The result was large-scale
- urbanization and industrialization that produced hideous living and
- working conditions.
- Various ideologies arose from intellectuals and radicals of
- England, Ireland and the ensuing French revolution. These ideas of
- liberty, rights, equality and revolution were introduced to the masses
- and prompted the motivation for change. However, revolution never
- occurred as the government allowed the working class opportunities to
- vent its social frustrations. These "opportunities" were found in the
- lower classes leisure time. Spending time in pubs, theaters, music
- halls and sporting activities created an outlet for the miserable and
- unhappy.
- Thus, the rebellious behavior exhibited by the working class of
- the British society was demonstrated in everyday life and justified by
- both the living and working conditions of workers. The issue of the
- disciplinary and suppressive actions initiated by the middle and ruling
- class was deliberate and calculated. This discipline was used in
- culling the behavior of the working class and maximizing its
- productivity. Industrialization and urbanization took a toll on the
- British lower social order, but, consequently, did not push it into a
- revolution. This is to the credit of a society that had the ability to
- express itself in coping with social inconsistencies and change.
-
-